How to format your references using the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Warren WS. Nuclear magnetic resonance. Multidimensional symmetry in a three-dimensional world. Science. 2001;294:1475–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wang X, Ha T. Defining single molecular forces required to activate integrin and notch signaling. Science. 2013;340:991–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schenk P, Matsuyama I, Nimmo F. True polar wander on Europa from global-scale small-circle depressions. Nature. 2008;453:368–71.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Schnorrer F, Schönbauer C, Langer CCH, et al. Systematic genetic analysis of muscle morphogenesis and function in Drosophila. Nature. 2010;464:287–91.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Pascoe N. Reliability Technology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2011.

An edited book

Schatzker J. The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care. Third Edition. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

Madeddu G, Spanu A. Axillary Lymph Node Status Evaluation in Breast Cancer Patients: Role of SPECT and Pinhole SPECT with Cationic Lipophilic Radiotracers. In: Bombardieri E, Gianni L, Bonadonna G, eds. Breast Cancer: Nuclear Medicine in Diagnosis and Therapeutic Options. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer 2008:43–55.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.

Blog post

Davis J. New Medical Material Uses Snake Venom To Stem Bleeding. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-medical-material-uses-snake-venom-stop-bleeding/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Public Transportation: Preliminary Analysis of Changes to and Trends in FTA’s New Starts and Small Starts Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Schiffbauer LW. The pursuit of self-esteem: A help or a hindrance in thriving in the workplace? 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rothenberg B. Kerber Loses Final and Bid for No. 1 Spot. New York Times. 2016;D2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
Abbreviation	Ann. Rheum. Dis.
ISSN (print)	0003-4967
ISSN (online)	1468-2060
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Immunology Immunology and Allergy Rheumatology