How to format your references using the Applied Informatics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Informatics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Martin K (2015) Vernon B. Mountcastle (1918-2015). Nature 518:304

A journal article with 2 authors

Redman CW, Sargent IL (2005) Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 308:1592–1594

A journal article with 3 authors

Branco T, Clark BA, Häusser M (2010) Dendritic discrimination of temporal input sequences in cortical neurons. Science 329:1671–1675

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Yang H, Luo G, Karnchanaphanurach P, et al (2003) Protein conformational dynamics probed by single-molecule electron transfer. Science 302:262–266

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gelbaum BR (1995) Modern Real and Complex Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Kurbanoğlu S, Al U, Lepon Erdoğan P, et al (eds) (2010) Technological Convergence and Social Networks in Information Management: Second International Symposium on Information Management in a Changing World, IMCW 2010, Ankara, Turkey, September 22-24, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Friesen N, Feenberg A, Smith G, Lowe S (2012) Experiencing Surveillance. In: Feenberg A, Friesen N (eds) (Re)Inventing The Internet: Critical Case Studies. SensePublishers, Rotterdam, pp 73–84

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Informatics.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) Watch What Happens When You Shoot Potassium Bullets Into Water. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/what-happens-when-you-shoot-liquid-metal-bullets-water/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1978) Review of NASA’s Solicitation for the Leasing of Office Space in the Houston, Texas, Area. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tripputi MT (2009) Use of mediation in designing clinical trials with two primary endpoints. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vlasic B, Chapman MM (2015) U.A.W. Is Said to Flatly Reject Fiat Chrysler Contract Offer. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Martin 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Redman and Sargent 2005; Martin 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Redman and Sargent 2005)
Three or more authors: (Yang et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Informatics
Abbreviation	Appl. Inform. (Berl)
ISSN (online)	2196-0089
Scope