How to format your references using the BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Moncada S. Obituary: John R. Vane (1927-2004). Nature. 2005;433:28.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Dubcovsky J, Dvorak J. Genome plasticity a key factor in the success of polyploid wheat under domestication. Science. 2007;316:1862–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Suttle KB, Thomsen MA, Power ME. Species interactions reverse grassland responses to changing climate. Science. 2007;315:640–2.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Rahn T, Eiler JM, Boering KA, Wennberg PO, McCarthy MC, Tyler S, et al. Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2. Nature. 2003;424:918–21.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Haupt RL. Timed Arrays. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

1. Kuhlin B, Thielmann H, editors. The Practical Real-Time Enterprise: Facts and Perspectives. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Rossiter JA, Pluymers B, De Moor B. The Potential of Interpolation for Simplifying Predictive Control and Application to LPV Systems. In: Findeisen R, Allgöwer F, Biegler LT, editors. Assessment and Future Directions of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007. p. 63–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Fish Oil Or Snake Oil? Most Capsules Don’t Contain What They Promise. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/fish-oil-or-snake-oil-most-capsules-don-t-contain-what-they-promise/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Job Corps Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Nauman T. Digital soil-landscape classification for soil survey using ASTER satellite and digital elevation data in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Barron J. Nine Million Desserts, for Gabriel, Michael, Alessandra and More. New York Times. 2017;:A21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
Abbreviation	BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord.
ISSN (online)	1472-6815
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology