How to format your references using the Canadian Journal of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Canadian Journal of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kirchhoff F. Neuroscience. Questionable calcium. Science. 2010 Mar 5;327(5970):1212–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kaufman J, Jing J. China and AIDS--the time to act is now. Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2339–40.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zahidi EM, Oudghiri-Hassani H, McBreen PH. Formation of thermally stable alkylidene layers on a catalytically active surface. Nature. 2001 Feb 22;409(6823):1023–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu H, Su X, Wang L. Soft plasmons with stretchable spectroscopic response based on thermally patterned gold nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2014 Feb 25;4:4182.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Woolf G. Tales of the Barbarians. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Lajiness M, Quallich S, editors. The Nurse Practitioner in Urology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. XII, 420 p. 14 illus., 11 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

DeFelipe J, Alonso-Nanclares L. The Synapse: Differences Between Men and Women. In: Pfaff DW, Christen Y, editors. Multiple Origins of Sex Differences in Brain: Neuroendocrine Functions and their Pathologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 43–57. (Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Canadian Journal of Surgery.

Blog post

Hamilton K. New Water Plumes From Jupiter’s Moon Europa Raise Hopes Of Detecting Microbial Life [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/new-water-plumes-from-jupiters-moon-europa-raise-hopes-of-detecting-microbial-life/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Joint Simulation Training. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Aug. Report No.: NSIAD-94-249R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Henderson MM. Coming to Terms: Career Development Experiences of NCAA Division I Female Student-Athletes in Transition [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. Once Known For Hunting, Now for Humor. New York Times. 2013 Feb 13;B15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Canadian Journal of Surgery
Abbreviation	Can. J. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0008-428X
ISSN (online)	1488-2310
Scope	Surgery