How to format your references using the Clinical Cancer Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Cancer Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kerr RA. GREENHOUSE WARMING: Dueling Models: Future U.S. Climate Uncertain. Science. 2000;288:2113.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sharp PA, Langer R. Research agenda. Promoting convergence in biomedical science. Science. 2011;333:527.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dornelas M, Connolly SR, Hughes TP. Coral reef diversity refutes the neutral theory of biodiversity. Nature. 2006;440:80–2.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, et al. The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science. 2009;323:1332–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Plantin J-C. Participatory Mapping. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

Avgerou C, Smith ML, Besselaar P van der, editors. Social Dimensions Of Information And Communication Technology Policy: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Human Choice and Computers (HCC8), IFIP TC 9, Pretoria, South Africa, September 25-26, 2008. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Chen Y, Chen L, Chen Z. Generic Methods to Achieve Tighter Security Reductions for a Category of IBE Schemes. In: Bao F, Weng J, editors. Information Security Practice and Experience: 7th International Conference, ISPEC 2011, Guangzhou, China, May 30 – June 1, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. page 40–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Cancer Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. NASA Hubble Telescope Sees A Storm In Lagoon Nebula [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-hubble-telescope-sees-storm-lagoon-nebula/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Electronic Prescribing: CMS Should Address Inconsistencies in Its Two Incentive Programs That Encourage the Use of Health Information Technology. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011 Feb. Report No.: GAO-11-159.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McPeek SE. Religious Rhetoric and the Radio: The Sermons of Rev. Dr. Oswald C.J. Hoffmann, International Lutheran Hour Speaker, 1955-1985 [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon MR. In Mosul’s Endgame, Escape Proves Harrowing and Surrender Unlikely. New York Times. 2017;A4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Cancer Research
Abbreviation	Clin. Cancer Res.
ISSN (print)	1078-0432
ISSN (online)	1557-3265
Scope	Cancer Research Oncology