How to format your references using the Diseases of the Esophagus citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Diseases of the Esophagus. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wain-Hobson S. H5N1 viral-engineering dangers will not go away. Nature. 2013 Mar 28;495(7442):411.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gann A, Witkowski J. The lost correspondence of Francis Crick. Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):519–24.

A journal article with 3 authors

Telford RJ, Vandvik V, Birks HJB. Dispersal limitations matter for microbial morphospecies. Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):1015.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature. 2006 Jun 1;441(7093):589–94.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Steland A. Financial Statistics and Mathematical Finance. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

Kibbe MR, LeMaire SA, editors. Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science. London: Springer; 2014. X, 242 p. 28 illus., 20 illus. in color. (Success in Academic Surgery).

A chapter in an edited book

Ramsay JO, Hooker G, Graves S. Smoothing: Computing Curves from Noisy Data. In: Hooker G, Graves S, editors. Functional Data Analysis with R and MATLAB. New York, NY: Springer; 2009. p. 59–82.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Diseases of the Esophagus.

Blog post

Andrews R. Missing Continent Was Destroyed By India And Madagascar’s Tug-Of-War [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/missing-continent-destroyed-india-madagascar-tugofwar/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Internet Protocol Transition: FCC Should Strengthen Its Data Collection Efforts to Assess the Transition’s Effects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015 Dec. Report No.: GAO-16-167.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Douglas L. Thermogravimetric and Raman Investigations on the Mechanism of Decomposition of Lead Compounds on Tungsten Surfaces [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwartz J. Views Conflict on Exxon Mobil’s Ties to Those Who Reject Climate Science. New York Times. 2016 Sep 14;A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Diseases of the Esophagus
Abbreviation	Dis. Esophagus
ISSN (print)	1120-8694
ISSN (online)	1442-2050
Scope	General Medicine Gastroenterology