How to format your references using the Desalination citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Desalination. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

J.W. Roberts, Molecular biology. Molecular basis of transcription pausing, Science 344 (2014) 1226–1227.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

R. Bashyam, P. Zelenay, A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells, Nature 443 (2006) 63–66.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S. Vasudevan, Y. Tong, J.A. Steitz, Switching from repression to activation: microRNAs can up-regulate translation, Science 318 (2007) 1931–1934.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Z.Q. Liu, G. Liu, R.T. Qu, Z.F. Zhang, S.J. Wu, T. Zhang, Microstructural percolation assisted breakthrough of trade-off between strength and ductility in CuZr-based metallic glass composites, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 4167.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

J.W. Cortada, The Essential Manager, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ, 2014.

An edited book

[1]

W. Yu, H. He, N. Zhang, eds., Advances in Neural Networks – ISNN 2009: 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks, ISNN 2009 Wuhan, China, May 26-29, 2009 Proceedings, Part I, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

N.C.K. Heng, P.A. Wescombe, J.P. Burton, R.W. Jack, J.R. Tagg, The Diversity of Bacteriocins in Gram-Positive Bacteria, in: M.A. Riley, M.A. Chavan (Eds.), Bacteriocins: Ecology and Evolution, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007: pp. 45–92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Desalination.

Blog post

[1]

T. Hale, Most Of Us Fit Into Four Personality Groups – Which One Are You?, IFLScience (2016). https://www.iflscience.com/brain/most-of-us-fit-into-four-personality-groups-which-one-are-you/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Opportunities for Improving Computerized Civilian Payroll Processing Operations, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

G.G. Peterson, Long-Term Effects of Care Management on Mortality, Hospitalizations, and Medicare Costs Among Chronically-Ill Medicare Beneficiaries, Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M. Billard, Scouting Report, New York Times (2010) E6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Desalination
Abbreviation	Desalination
ISSN (print)	0011-9164
Scope	General Chemical Engineering General Chemistry Mechanical Engineering Water Science and Technology General Materials Science