How to format your references using the Earthquake Science citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Earthquake Science. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rusbridger A (2015) Scientists must speak up on fossil-fuel divestment. Nature 520:265

A journal article with 2 authors

Chaudhari K, Pradeep T (2014) Spatiotemporal mapping of three dimensional rotational dynamics of single ultrasmall gold nanorods. Sci Rep 4:5948

A journal article with 3 authors

Philips JA, Rubin EJ, Perrimon N (2005) Drosophila RNAi screen reveals CD36 family member required for mycobacterial infection. Science 309:1251–1253

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Liu T, Guo P, Zhou Y, et al (2014) A crystal structure-guided rational design switching non-carbohydrate inhibitors’ specificity between two β-GlcNAcase homologs. Sci Rep 4:6188

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Scott DM (2009) World Wide Rave. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Zhong Z (ed) (2013) Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA) 2012: Volume 2. Springer, London

A chapter in an edited book

Spaeth S, Hausberg P (2016) Can Open Source Hardware Disrupt Manufacturing Industries? The Role of Platforms and Trust in the Rise of 3D Printing. In: Ferdinand J-P, Petschow U, Dickel S (eds) The Decentralized and Networked Future of Value Creation: 3D Printing and its Implications for Society, Industry, and Sustainable Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 59–73

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Earthquake Science.

Blog post

Hale T (2016) Melting Permafrost Could Thaw A Smallpox Graveyard In Siberia. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1977) Need for a Government-Wide Budget Classification Structure for Federal Research and Development Information, Appendix IV. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gopalappa C (2010) Three essays on analytical models to improve early detection of cancer. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Paulson M (2017) Soho Rep to Return. New York Times C3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rusbridger 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Chaudhari and Pradeep 2014; Rusbridger 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Chaudhari and Pradeep 2014)
Three or more authors: (Liu et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Earthquake Science
Abbreviation	Earthq. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1674-4519
ISSN (online)	1867-8777
Scope	Geology Geophysics Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology