How to format your references using the Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ward, M.D., 2005. Materials science. Snapshots of crystal growth. Science 308, 1566–1567.

A journal article with 2 authors

Vance, S.A., Sandros, M.G., 2014. Zeptomole detection of C-reactive protein in serum by a nanoparticle amplified surface plasmon resonance imaging aptasensor. Sci. Rep. 4, 5129.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bowman, D., King, G., Tapponnier, P., 2003. Slip partitioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth. Science 300, 1121–1123.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Shalini, A., Liu, Y., Al-Jarah, U.A.S., Srivastava, G.P., Wright, C.D., Katmis, F., Braun, W., Hicken, R.J., 2013. Observation of T₂-like coherent optical phonons in epitaxial Ge₂Sb₂Te₅/GaSb(001) films. Sci. Rep. 3, 2965.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sundararajan, D., 2015. Discretewavelet Transform. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore.

An edited book

Hasegawa, Y., 2006. Realization Theory and Design of Digital Images, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Paneni, F., Cosentino, F., 2015. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy, in: Cosentino, F. (Ed.), Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Guide to Clinical Management. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 49–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2015. Do Hunter-Gatherers Smoke Cannabis To Protect Against Worms? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/do-hunter-gathers-smoke-cannabis-protect-against-worms/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1994. Army Aviation: Modernization Strategy Needs to Be Reassessed (No. NSIAD-95-9). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lovejoy, L.P., 2010. On the control of selective attention in the primate superior colliculus (Doctoral dissertation). University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon, M.R., Schmitt, E., 2017. Defying Turkey, U.S. Will Arm Kurds in Syria. New York Times A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ward, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Vance and Sandros, 2014; Ward, 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Vance and Sandros, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Shalini et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Abbreviation	Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
ISSN (print)	0147-6513
Scope	Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution General Medicine Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health