How to format your references using the Energy Efficiency citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Energy Efficiency. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marx, V. (2015). The DNA of a nation. Nature, 524(7566), 503–505.

A journal article with 2 authors

Oncescu, V., & Erickson, D. (2013). High volumetric power density, non-enzymatic, glucose fuel cells. Scientific reports, 3, 1226.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bryant, P., Nunes, T., & Snaith, R. (2000). Children learn an untaught rule of spelling. Nature, 403(6766), 157–158.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Lam, H., Oh, D.-C., Cava, F., Takacs, C. N., Clardy, J., de Pedro, M. A., & Waldor, M. K. (2009). D-amino acids govern stationary phase cell wall remodeling in bacteria. Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5947), 1552–1555.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Equipment Testing Procedures Committee. (2007). Positive Displacement Pumps. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Meinel, C. (2015). Blogosphere and its Exploration. (J. Broß, P. Berger, & P. Hennig, Eds.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Abbasi, A. M., Shah, M. H., & Khan, M. A. (2015). Nutritional Contents of Wild Edible Vegetables. In M. H. Shah & M. A. Khan (Eds.), Wild Edible Vegetables of Lesser Himalayas: Ethnobotanical and Nutraceutical Aspects, Volume 1 (pp. 141–167). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Energy Efficiency.

Blog post

Davis, J. (2015, July 1). Levitating Cells Could Help Scientists Figure Out How Drugs Work. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/physics/levitating-cells-could-help-scientists-figure-out-how-drugs-work/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1990). International Aviation: Implications of Ratifying the Montreal Aviation Protocols (No. T-RCED-90-83). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Tovar, L. (2009). Perceived life satisfaction of previously undocumented Latino immigrants (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L. (2008, April 16). Supreme Court Restricts the Taxation of Income of Companies Based Out of State. New York Times, p. C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marx 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Marx 2015; Oncescu and Erickson 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Oncescu and Erickson 2013)
Three or more authors: (Lam et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Energy Efficiency
ISSN (print)	1570-646X
ISSN (online)	1570-6478
Scope	General Energy