How to format your references using the Investigative Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Investigative Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Goldston D. The new boss in town. Nature. 2009;457(7225):17.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Farzadfard F, Lu TK. Synthetic biology. Genomically encoded analog memory with precise in vivo DNA writing in living cell populations. Science. 2014;346(6211):1256272.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Bai S, Xu Q, Qin Y. Vibration driven vehicle inspired from grass spike. Sci. Rep. 2013;3:1851.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

1. Schwartz CE, Wright CI, Shin LM, et al. Inhibited and uninhibited infants “grown up”: adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science. 2003;300(5627):1952–1953.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Zaragoza Dörwald F. Side Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2004.

An edited book

1. Zhang T ed. Instrumentation, Measurement, Circuits and Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Prieto PA, Prieto PA, Hall CAS. Methods: Calculating the Energy Output. The Energy Returned (ER or E out). In: Hall CAS, ed. Spain’s Photovoltaic Revolution: The Energy Return on Investment. SpringerBriefs in Energy. New York, NY: Springer; 2013:47–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Investigative Radiology.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. An Enormous Mysterious Crack Just Opened Up In The Middle Of The Arizona Desert. IFLScience. 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/enormous-crack-opened-arizona/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. ADP Planning: SSA’s February 1989 Report on Computer Modernization Is Incomplete. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1989.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Sandoval V. Preventing chronic truancy among Latino high school students: A grant proposal. 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Shpigel B. Pressing for Win, Jets Push the Wrong Buttons. New York Times. October 3, 2016:D8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Investigative Radiology
Abbreviation	Invest. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0020-9996
ISSN (online)	1536-0210
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging