How to format your references using the European Orthopaedics and Traumatology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Orthopaedics and Traumatology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zellers D (2005) Scientists and societies. Building a regional postdoc community. Nature 433:178

A journal article with 2 authors

Byrne S, Ingersoll AP (2003) A sublimation model for martian south polar ice features. Science 299:1051–1053

A journal article with 3 authors

Golding NL, Staff NP, Spruston N (2002) Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation. Nature 418:326–331

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Ishii M, Shearer PM, Houston H, Vidale JE (2005) Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array. Nature 435:933–936

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Huzurbazar AV (2004) Flowgraph Models for Multistate Time-to-Event Data: Huzurbazar/Flowgraph Models. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Flint G, Rusbridge C (2014) Syringomyelia: A Disorder of CSF Circulation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

May CJ, Johnson K, Weyker JR (2016) Experimental Approaches to Loving-Kindness Meditation and Mindfulness That Bridge the Gap Between Clinicians and Researchers. In: Shonin E, Gordon WV, Griffiths MD (eds) Mindfulness and Buddhist-Derived Approaches in Mental Health and Addiction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 85–93

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Orthopaedics and Traumatology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2017) Iconic Arecibo Observatory Faces Closure Due To Lack Of Funding. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/iconic-arecibo-observatory-faces-closure-due-to-lack-of-funding/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1990) Education Regulations: Reasons for Delays in Issuance. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kraynik MJ (2009) Perceptions of U.S. Navy managers toward telecommuting as a management approach: A phenomenological study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin J (2017) Season Of Change For Emmys. New York Times C1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Abbreviation	Eur. Orthop. Traumatol.
ISSN (print)	1867-4569
ISSN (online)	1867-4577
Scope	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health