How to format your references using the European Radiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for European Radiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cook N (2008) Beyond the notes. Nature 453:1186–1187

A journal article with 2 authors

Watanabe N, Mitchison TJ (2002) Single-molecule speckle analysis of actin filament turnover in lamellipodia. Science 295:1083–1086

A journal article with 3 authors

Mei T-S, Patel HH, Sigman MS (2014) Enantioselective construction of remote quaternary stereocentres. Nature 508:340–344

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Saldivar JC, Hamperl S, Bocek MJ, et al (2018) An intrinsic S/G2 checkpoint enforced by ATR. Science 361:806–810

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Johnson DW, Woodward JL (2010) Release. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Mendes P, Snow P (2016) Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care: International Research, Policy and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London

A chapter in an edited book

Schnepf A, Leitner D, Klepsch S, et al (2011) Modelling Phosphorus Dynamics in the Soil–Plant System. In: Bünemann E, Oberson A, Frossard E (eds) Phosphorus in Action: Biological Processes in Soil Phosphorus Cycling. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 113–133

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for European Radiology.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) Humpback Whale Bubble Rings. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/humpback-whale-bubble-rings/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1972) Settlement of Accounts of Certifying Officer, Lewis Research Center. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chamoun A (2010) Molecular characterization of a subset of KRAB-ZFPs. Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J (2017) Australia’s Property Boom Makes Publisher a Target. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	European Radiology
Abbreviation	Eur. Radiol.
ISSN (print)	0938-7994
ISSN (online)	1432-1084
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging