How to format your references using the Extreme Mechanics Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Extreme Mechanics Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

C. Macilwain, University cuts show science is far from saved, Nature 469 (2011) 133.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

J.I. Bloch, D.M. Boyer, Grasping primate origins, Science 298 (2002) 1606–1610.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

T.S. Bibby, J. Nield, J. Barber, Iron deficiency induces the formation of an antenna ring around trimeric photosystem I in cyanobacteria, Nature 412 (2001) 743–745.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

J. Chen, Z. Li, X. Zhang, J. Xiao, Q. Gong, Submicron bidirectional all-optical plasmonic switches, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1451.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

V. Mihajlovic-Madzarevic, Clinical Trials Audit Preparation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

G. Zhu, ed., NMR of Proteins and Small Biomolecules, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

K.-H. Fuchs, W. Breithaupt, G. Varga, D. von Renteln, Transoral Esophageal Myotomy for Achalasia, in: L. Bonavina (Ed.), Innovation in Esophageal Surgery, Springer, Milano, 2012: pp. 23–26.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Extreme Mechanics Letters.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Scientists Describe Potential New DNA Base, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, The Treasury Financial Communications System, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1986.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

N.C. Wright, The association between rheumatoid arthritis, bone strength, and body composition within the women’s health initiative, Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

D. Bilefsky, Romanian President Survives Ouster Bid, New York Times (2012) A8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Extreme Mechanics Letters
Abbreviation	Extreme Mech. Lett.
ISSN (print)	2352-4316
Scope	Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) Bioengineering Engineering (miscellaneous) Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials