How to format your references using the Free Radical Biology and Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Free Radical Biology and Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

H. Brody, Hepatitis C, Nature 474 (2011) S1.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

A. Miklius, P. Cervelli, Vulcanology: Interaction between Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Nature 421 (2003) 229.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S.P. Jordan, K.S.M. Lee, J. Preskill, Quantum algorithms for quantum field theories, Science 336 (2012) 1130–1133.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

O.S. Wenger, B.S. Leigh, R.M. Villahermosa, H.B. Gray, J.R. Winkler, Electron tunneling through organic molecules in frozen glasses, Science 307 (2005) 99–102.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

M.A. Volpe, Rethinking Christian Identity, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

B. Jiang, X. Yao, eds., Geospatial Analysis and Modelling of Urban Structure and Dynamics, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

H.W.M. Hilhorst, W.E. Finch-Savage, J. Buitink, W. Bolingue, G. Leubner-Metzger, Dormancy in Plant Seeds, in: E. Lubzens, J. Cerda, M. Clark (Eds.), Dormancy and Resistance in Harsh Environments, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010: pp. 43–67.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Free Radical Biology and Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

A. Carpineti, The Wow! Signal Sorted? Not So Fast!, IFLScience (2017).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Truck Safety: The Safety of Longer Combination Vehicles Is Unknown, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

J. Bravo, Project Share: Implementing an aftercare program for recovering adolescents: A grant proposal, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M.J. de la MERCED, Investors Give $90 Million To a Flying Car Start-Up, New York Times (2017) B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Abbreviation	Free Radic. Biol. Med.
ISSN (print)	0891-5849
Scope	Biochemistry Physiology (medical)