How to format your references using the Freshwater Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Graf P. (2003). Hive beetle causes a buzz in Europe. Nature 423, 793

A journal article with 2 authors

Thomassen M.J. & Kavuru M.S. (2014). Lung disease: Treatment by cell transplant. Nature 514, 438–440

A journal article with 3 authors

Weiss K.M., Miguel-Sanchez J. & Elzerman J.M. (2013). Magnetically tunable singlet-triplet spin qubit in a four-electron InGaAs coupled quantum dot. Scientific reports 3, 3121

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Pramanik A., Fan Z., Chavva S.R., Sinha S.S. & Ray P.C. (2014). Highly efficient and excitation tunable two-photon luminescence platform for targeted multi-color MDRB imaging using graphene oxide. Scientific reports 4, 6090

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Baher H. (2012). Signal Processing and Integrated Circuits. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Seuret A., Özbay H., Bonnet C. & Mounier H. eds (2014). Low-Complexity Controllers for Time-Delay Systems. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Ohms C., Neov D. & Youtsos A.G. (2006). Evaluation Of Novel Post Weld Heat Treatment In Ferritic Steel Repair Welds Based On Neutron Diffraction. In: Residual Stress and Its Effects on Fatigue and Fracture: Proceedings of a Special Symposium held within the 16th European Conference of Fracture – ECF16, Alexandroupolis, Greece, 3-7 July 2006. (Ed. A.G. Youtsos), pp. 55–66. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Biology.

Blog post

Carpineti A. (2016). Incredible New Map Of Mercury Revealed. IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1993). Mass Transit: FTA’s Projections Could Better Reflect State and Local Needs. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Chung J. (2009). Understanding caregiving for older adults with dementia in Korean American families. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Robertson C. & Walsh M.W. (2011). Debt Crisis? Bankruptcy Fears? See Jefferson County, Ala. New York Times, A13

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Graf, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Graf, 2003; Thomassen & Kavuru, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Thomassen & Kavuru, 2014)
Three authors: (Weiss, Miguel-Sanchez & Elzerman, 2013)
4 or more authors: (Pramanik et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Biology
Abbreviation	Freshw. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0046-5070
ISSN (online)	1365-2427
Scope	Aquatic Science