How to format your references using the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America (GEC). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Martínez JL. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in natural environments. Science 2008;321(5887):365–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Chien K., Chien L. The new Silk Road. Nature 2004;428(6979):208–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

Atwood JL., Barbour LJ., Jerga A. Storage of methane and freon by interstitial van der Waals confinement. Science 2002;296(5577):2367–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Ross SR., Lukas KE., Lonsdorf EV., et al. Science priorities. Inappropriate use and portrayal of chimpanzees. Science 2008;319(5869):1487.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Boulanger J-L. Safety Management for Software-based Equipment. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Whalan F. Collective Responsibility: Redefining What Falls Between the Cracks for School Reform. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Knight J. Is Internationalisation of Higher Education Having an Identity Crisis? In: Maldonado-Maldonado A, and Bassett RM, editors. The Forefront of International Higher Education: A Festschrift in Honor of Philip G. Altbach. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 75–87.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.

Blog post

Luntz S. Blue Whales Travel Enormous Distances. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-discover-whale-journey/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Small Business Administration: Better Planning and Controls Needed for Information Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mendez H. Examination of friendship and burnout among child welfare workers. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kishkovsky S. Salvage Teams Begin to Raise Russian Sub. New York Times 2001:A8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
Abbreviation	Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am.
ISSN (print)	1052-5157
ISSN (online)	1558-1950
Scope	Gastroenterology