How to format your references using the Geosciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Geosciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Service, R.F. American Chemical Society Meeting. Snapshots from the Meeting. Science 2006, 314, 47.

A journal article with 2 authors

Matsumoto, M.; Hikosaka, O. Lateral Habenula as a Source of Negative Reward Signals in Dopamine Neurons. Nature 2007, 447, 1111–1115.

A journal article with 3 authors

Thomas, D.S.G.; Knight, M.; Wiggs, G.F.S. Remobilization of Southern African Desert Dune Systems by Twenty-First Century Global Warming. Nature 2005, 435, 1218–1221.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gordon, G.R.J.; Choi, H.B.; Rungta, R.L.; Ellis-Davies, G.C.R.; MacVicar, B.A. Brain Metabolism Dictates the Polarity of Astrocyte Control over Arterioles. Nature 2008, 456, 745–749.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Paret, D. Flexray and Its Applications; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK, 2012; ISBN 9781119964063.

An edited book

Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning the Development of Obesity; Nóbrega, C., Rodriguez-López, R., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2014; ISBN 9783319127651.

A chapter in an edited book

Norguet, J.-P.; Zimányi, E.; Steinberger, R. Semantic Analysis of Web Site Audience by Integrating Web Usage Mining and Web Content Mining. In Web Mining Applications in E-commerce and E-services; Ting, I.-H., Wu, H.-J., Eds.; Studies in Computational Intelligence; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009; pp. 65–80 ISBN 9783540880806.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Geosciences.

Blog post

Andrew, D. How to Make a Fire Tornado at Home (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Telecommunications: Options for and Barriers to Spectrum Reform; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2006;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Patra, P. Image Scaling with Three Different Interpolation Techniques and Their Comparisons. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Geosciences
Abbreviation	Geosciences (Basel)
ISSN (online)	2076-3263
Scope