How to format your references using the IEEE Photonics Technology Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

D. Cyranoski, “Japan sets sights on success in nanotechnology,” Nature, vol. 408, no. 6812, p. 624, Nov. 2000.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

A. M. Krieg and G. B. Lipford, “Immunology. The toll of cathepsin K deficiency,” Science, vol. 319, no. 5863, pp. 576–577, Feb. 2008.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

T. Chookajorn, H. A. Murdoch, and C. A. Schuh, “Design of stable nanocrystalline alloys,” Science, vol. 337, no. 6097, pp. 951–954, Aug. 2012.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

S. K. Singh, C. L. Piscitelli, A. Yamashita, and E. Gouaux, “A competitive inhibitor traps LeuT in an open-to-out conformation,” Science, vol. 322, no. 5908, pp. 1655–1661, Dec. 2008.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

P. Chakrabarty, A Guide to Academia. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

An edited book

[1]

M. S. Khan, A. Zaidi, and J. Musarrat, Eds., Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms: Principles and Application of Microphos Technology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

L. Du, S. Wu, A. W.-C. Liew, D. K. Smith, and H. Yan, “Parametric Spectral Analysis of Malaria Gene Expression Time Series Data,” in Computational Life Sciences II: Second International Symposium, CompLife 2006, Cambridge, UK, September 27-29, 2006. Proceedings, M. R. Berthold, R. C. Glen, and I. Fischer, Eds., in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. , Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2006, pp. 32–41.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

Blog post

[1]

J. O`Callaghan, “This New Planet Formation Theory Could Explain The Weird TRAPPIST-1 System,” IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, “School Safety: Promising Initiatives for Addressing School Violence,” U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, HEHS-95-106, Apr. 1995.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

R. T. Ray, “Utilization of a Clinical Reminder System to Increase the Incidence of HIV Screening in a Primary Care Clinic,” Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

E. Barry, “Dancer Held in Acid Attack on Bolshoi Director,” New York Times, p. A1, Mar. 06, 2013.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1], [2].
This sentence cites four references [1], [2], [3], [4].

About the journal

Full journal title	IEEE Photonics Technology Letters
Abbreviation	IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
ISSN (print)	1041-1135
Scope	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics