How to format your references using the Information Processing and Management citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Information Processing and Management. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bryant, V. M. (2003). Archaeology. Invisible clues to New World plant domestication. Science (New York, N.Y.), 299(5609), 1029–1030.

A journal article with 2 authors

Spitale, J. N., & Porco, C. C. (2007). Association of the jets of Enceladus with the warmest regions on its south-polar fractures. Nature, 449(7163), 695–697.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kohli, R. M., Walsh, C. T., & Burkart, M. D. (2002). Biomimetic synthesis and optimization of cyclic peptide antibiotics. Nature, 418(6898), 658–661.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Muchnik, L., Pei, S., Parra, L. C., Reis, S. D. S., Andrade, J. S., Jr, Havlin, S., & Makse, H. A. (2013). Origins of power-law degree distribution in the heterogeneity of human activity in social networks. Scientific Reports, 3, 1783.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kang, S. (2012). Micro/Nano Replication. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Ware, G. W., Whitacre, D. M., & Gunther, F. A. (Eds.). (2007). Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews (Vol. 190). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Frederich, O., Bunge, U., Mockett, C., & Thiele, F. (2009). Flow Prediction Around an Oscillating NACA0012 Airfoil at Re = 1,000,000. In M. Braza & K. Hourigan (Eds.), IUTAM Symposium on Unsteady Separated Flows and their Control: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium “Unsteady Separated Flows and their Control“, Corfu, Greece, 18–22 June 2007 (pp. 49–62). Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Information Processing and Management.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2016, May 15). Boeing Delays Launch Of Its New Manned Spacecraft To 2018. IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). Federal Research: Determination of the Best Qualified Sites for DOE’s Super Collider (RCED-89-18). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Reese, N. E. (2015). The Ecomorphology of White-tailed Deer Lower Limb Bones Through the Holocene in Central North America [Doctoral dissertation]. Southern Illinois University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Linda Greenhouse; Karen, & Gary Gately contributed reporting for this article. (2005, November 15). Supreme Court Roundup; BURDEN OF PROOF NOW ON PARENTS IN SCHOOL CASES. New York Times, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Bryant, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Bryant, 2003; Spitale & Porco, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Spitale & Porco, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Muchnik et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Information Processing and Management
Abbreviation	Inf. Process. Manag.
ISSN (print)	0306-4573
Scope	Computer Science Applications Information Systems Management Science and Operations Research Media Technology Library and Information Sciences