How to format your references using the International Journal of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kleiner K. Crunch time for New Jersey lab. Nature. 2006 Apr 27;440(7088):1111.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ting AY, Endy D. Signal transduction. Decoding NF-kappaB signaling. Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1189–1190.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ye Q, Krug RM, Tao YJ. The mechanism by which influenza A virus nucleoprotein forms oligomers and binds RNA. Nature. 2006 Dec 21;444(7122):1078–1082.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Riethman HC, Xiang Z, Paul S, et al. Integration of telomere sequences with the draft human genome sequence. Nature. 2001 Feb 15;409(6822):948–951.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bécherrawy T. Electromagnetism. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Ferre M, Buss M, Aracil R, Melchiorri C, Balaguer C, editors. Advances in Telerobotics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Verheul HMW, Pinedo HM. Angiogenesis inhibitors: What is the clinical future? In: Herrling PL, Matter A, Schultz RM, editors. Advances in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2005. p. 67–91.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Epidemiology.

Blog post

Luntz S. The Amazon Rainforest Is Dominated By Domesticated Trees [Internet]. IFLScience IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/the-amazon-rainforest-is-dominated-by-domesticated-trees/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Organizational Culture: Techniques Companies Use to Perpetuate or Change Beliefs and Values. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Feb. Report No.: NSIAD-92-105.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Momcheva IG. Environments of strong gravitational lenses [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Herrman J. An Election Ill Timed for Media in Transition. New York Times. 2016 Nov 8;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Int. J. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
Scope	General Medicine Epidemiology