How to format your references using the International Journal of Geomechanics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Geomechanics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Grenier, I. A. 2000. “Gamma-ray astronomy. A needle in a cosmic haystack.” Nature, 404 (6776): 344–345.

A journal article with 2 authors

Altshuler, D. L., and C. J. Clark. 2003. “Ecology and evolution. Darwin’s hummingbirds.” Science (New York, N.Y.), 300 (5619): 588–589.

A journal article with 3 authors

Heymann, D. L., R. W. Sutter, and R. B. Aylward. 2005. “A global call for new polio vaccines.” Nature, 434 (7034): 699–700.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Smith, J. T., R. N. Comans, N. A. Beresford, S. M. Wright, B. J. Howard, and W. C. Camplin. 2000. “Chernobyl’s legacy in food and water.” Nature, 405 (6783): 141.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Glisic, S. 2005. Advanced Wireless Communications. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Wong, P. T. P., and L. C. J. Wong, eds. 2006. Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping. International and Cultural Psychology. Boston, MA: Springer US.

A chapter in an edited book

Close, J.-P., S. van der Sterren, M. van Lochem, R. Otjes, and M.-A. Schreurs. 2016. “Experiences After 5 Years of AiREAS and 1 Year of ILM.” AiREAS: Sustainocracy for a Healthy City: The Invisible made Visible Phase 1, SpringerBriefs on Case Studies of Sustainable Development, edited by J.-P. Close, 79–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Geomechanics.

Blog post

Hale, T. 2016. “Two Lions Were Shot Dead After A Naked Man Tried To Feed Himself To Them.” IFLScience. IFLScience. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/two-lions-were-shot-dead-after-naked-man-tried-feed-himself-them/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1991. ADP Modernization: Half-Billion Dollar FmHA Effort Lacks Adequate Planning and Oversight. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Barkley, W. C. 2008. “Mars rover - Laser focusing and optimization.” Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Nir, S. M. 2016. “A Gasoline Desert Expands on an Island of Many Cars.” New York Times, April 16, 2016.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Grenier 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Altshuler and Clark 2003; Grenier 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Altshuler and Clark 2003)
Three or more authors: (Smith et al. 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Geomechanics
Abbreviation	Int. J. Geomech.
ISSN (print)	1532-3641
ISSN (online)	1943-5622
Scope	Soil Science