How to format your references using the International Journal of Lifelong Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Lifelong Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Eysel, U. T. (2003). Neuroscience. Illusions and perceived images in the primate brain. Science (New York, N.Y.), 302(5646), 789–791.

A journal article with 2 authors

Krupalnik, V., & Hanna, J. H. (2014). Stem cells: The quest for the perfect reprogrammed cell. Nature, 511(7508), 160–162.

A journal article with 3 authors

Scatena, L. F., Brown, M. G., & Richmond, G. L. (2001). Water at hydrophobic surfaces: weak hydrogen bonding and strong orientation effects. Science (New York, N.Y.), 292(5518), 908–912.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Zaban, B., Liu, W., Jiang, X., & Nick, P. (2014). Plant cells use auxin efflux to explore geometry. Scientific Reports, 4, 5852.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brigo, D., Morini, M., & Pallavicini, A. (2013). Counterparty Credit Risk, Collateral and Funding. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Mankekar, G. (Ed.). (2014). Implantable Hearing Devices other than Cochlear Implants. Springer India.

A chapter in an edited book

Rouche, N. (2011). Théorie de la stabilité dans les équations difféerentielles ordinaires. In L. Salvadori (Ed.), Stability Problems (pp. 112–194). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Lifelong Education.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. (2014, December 14). Scientists Put A Worm’s Mind Into A Robot’s Body. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/worms-mind-robot-body/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1996). Measuring Performance: The Advanced Technology Program and Private-Sector Funding (RCED-96-47). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Johnson, D. A. (2008). Job satisfaction in the operating room: An analysis of the cultural competence of nurses [Doctoral dissertation]. Capella University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Benanav, M. (2017, August 28). A Way of Life, Fading Away. New York Times, TR8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Eysel, 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Eysel, 2003; Krupalnik & Hanna, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Krupalnik & Hanna, 2014)
Three or more authors: (Zaban et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Lifelong Education
Abbreviation	Int. J. Lifelong Educ.
ISSN (print)	0260-1370
ISSN (online)	1464-519X
Scope	Education Life-span and Life-course Studies