How to format your references using the International Journal of Material Forming citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for International Journal of Material Forming. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Carroll SM (2006) Is our Universe natural? Nature 440:1132–1136

A journal article with 2 authors

Churchman LS, Weissman JS (2011) Nascent transcript sequencing visualizes transcription at nucleotide resolution. Nature 469:368–373

A journal article with 3 authors

Akbarzadeh A, Qiu C-W, Danner AJ (2013) Exploiting design freedom in biaxial dielectrics to enable spatially overlapping optical instruments. Sci Rep 3:2055

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Campbell DB, Black GJ, Carter LM, Ostro SJ (2003) Radar evidence for liquid surfaces on Titan. Science 302:431–434

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Raghavan V (2016) Combustion Technology. John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Gunopulos D, Hofmann T, Malerba D, Vazirgiannis M (2011) Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: European Conference, ECML PKDD 2011, Athens, Greece, September 5-9, 2011, Proceedings, Part III. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Kalinin AP, Pavlov AV, Alexandrov YK, et al (2013) Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Modalities in Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases. In: Pavlov AV, Alexandrov YK, Kotova IV, et al (eds) The Parathyroid Glands: Imaging and Surgery. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 125–143

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for International Journal of Material Forming.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) 7th Grader Builds Braille Printer From Lego. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/7th-grader-builds-lego-braille-printer-then-starts-his-own-business/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) Information Technology: Federal Agencies Need to Strengthen Investment Board Oversight of Poorly Planned and Performing Projects. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sarachana T (2009) Investigation of post-transcriptional gene regulatory networks associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) by miRNA expression profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Rothenberg B (2016) Bouchard Is Out, but Her Concussion Suit From the 2015 Open Goes On. New York Times B9

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	International Journal of Material Forming
Abbreviation	Int. J. Mater. Form.
ISSN (print)	1960-6206
ISSN (online)	1960-6214
Scope	General Materials Science