How to format your references using the Knowledge-Based Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Knowledge-Based Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

S.B. Carroll, Genetics and the making of Homo sapiens, Nature 422 (2003) 849–857.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

S. Roy, A. Asenov, Applied physics. Where do the dopants go?, Science 309 (2005) 388–390.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S. Choudhury, D. Morgan, B.P. Uberuaga, Massive interfacial reconstruction at misfit dislocations in metal/oxide interfaces, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 6533.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

A.M. Alencar, S.P. Arold, S.V. Buldyrev, A. Majumdar, D. Stamenović, H.E. Stanley, B. Suki, Physiology: Dynamic instabilities in the inflating lung, Nature 417 (2002) 809–811.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

T.T. Dao, M.-C. Ho Ba Tho, Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2014.

An edited book

[1]

S.O. Aral, K.A. Fenton, J.A. Lipshutz, eds., The New Public Health and STD/HIV Prevention: Personal, Public and Health Systems Approaches, Springer, New York, NY, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

H. Ma, K.-D. Schewe, B. Thalheim, Modelling and Maintenance of Very Large Database Schemata Using Meta-structures, in: J. Yang, A. Ginige, H.C. Mayr, R.-D. Kutsche (Eds.), Information Systems: Modeling, Development, and Integration: Third International United Information Systems Conference, UNISCON 2009, Sydney, Australia, April 21-24, 2009. Proceedings, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009: pp. 17–28.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Knowledge-Based Systems.

Blog post

[1]

S. Luntz, Cosmic Lighthouse Disappears From View, IFLScience (2015).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Status Information: FAA’s Year 2000 Business Continuity and Contingency Planning Efforts Are Ongoing, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

S.J. Ray, Departmentalized Classroom Environments Versus Traditional Classroom Environments in Second Through Fourth Grades: A Quantitative Analysis, Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

B. Rothenberg, Del Potro Shakes an Illness To Reach the Quarterfinals, New York Times (2017) B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Knowledge-Based Systems
Abbreviation	Knowl. Based Syst.
ISSN (print)	0950-7051
Scope	Management Information Systems Artificial Intelligence Software Information Systems and Management