How to format your references using the Journal of Applied Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Applied Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ploegh, H. L. (2007). A lipid-based model for the creation of an escape hatch from the endoplasmic reticulum. Nature, 448(7152), 435–438.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kaasik, K., & Lee, C. C. (2004). Reciprocal regulation of haem biosynthesis and the circadian clock in mammals. Nature, 430(6998), 467–471.

A journal article with 3 authors

Loeffler, J. M., Nelson, D., & Fischetti, V. A. (2001). Rapid killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a bacteriophage cell wall hydrolase. Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5549), 2170–2172.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Tsukuda, T., Fleming, A. B., Nickoloff, J. A., & Osley, M. A. (2005). Chromatin remodelling at a DNA double-strand break site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature, 438(7066), 379–383.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hartfuß, H.-J., & Geist, T. (2013). Fusion Plasma Diagnostics with mm-Waves. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Yamanouchi, K. (2006). Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science Volume I (S. L. Chin, P. Agostini, & G. Ferrante, Eds.; Vol. 84). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Gillet, D., & Li, N. (2015). Case Study 2: Designing PLE for Higher Education. In S. Kroop, A. Mikroyannidis, & M. Wolpers (Eds.), Responsive Open Learning Environments: Outcomes of Research from the ROLE Project (pp. 115–133). Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Applied Ecology.

Blog post

Fang, J. (2015, September 17). Air Pollution Kills More Than Three Million People A Year. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/air-pollution-kills-more-three-million-people-year/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2016). Highlights of a Forum: Data and Analytics Innovation: Emerging Opportunities and Challenges (GAO-16-659SP). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Zavarella, C. A. (2008). Computer -based instruction and remedial mathematics: A study of student retention at a Florida community college [Doctoral dissertation]. University of South Florida.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Coscarelli, J., & Sisario, B. (2017, April 19). Prince’s Estate Sues Over a New EP. New York Times, C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ploegh, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Kaasik & Lee, 2004; Ploegh, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kaasik & Lee, 2004)
Three or more authors: (Tsukuda et al., 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Applied Ecology
Abbreviation	J. Appl. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
Scope	Ecology