How to format your references using the Journal of Eastern African Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Eastern African Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Heremans, Joseph P. “Thermoelectricity: The Ugly Duckling.” Nature 508, no. 7496 (April 17, 2014): 327–28.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ouyang, Min, and David D. Awschalom. “Coherent Spin Transfer between Molecularly Bridged Quantum Dots.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 301, no. 5636 (August 22, 2003): 1074–78.

A journal article with 3 authors

Afraz, Seyed-Reza, Roozbeh Kiani, and Hossein Esteky. “Microstimulation of Inferotemporal Cortex Influences Face Categorization.” Nature 442, no. 7103 (August 10, 2006): 692–95.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Cohen, Geoffrey L., Julio Garcia, Nancy Apfel, and Allison Master. “Reducing the Racial Achievement Gap: A Social-Psychological Intervention.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 313, no. 5791 (September 1, 2006): 1307–10.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gao, Jianjun. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit Design and Device Modeling. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010.

An edited book

Adams, Jeanne C. The Fortran 2003 Handbook: The Complete Syntax, Features and Procedures. Edited by Walter S. Brainerd, Richard A. Hendrickson, Richard E. Maine, Jeanne T. Martin, and Brian T. Smith. London: Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Gradusova, Olga, and Ekaterina Nesterina. “The Current Status of Forensic Soil Examination in the Russian Federation.” In Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics, edited by Karl Ritz, Lorna Dawson, and David Miller, 61–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Eastern African Studies.

Blog post

Fang, Janet. “How Leatherback Sea Turtles Keep Their Muscles Warm In Frigid Waters.” IFLScience. IFLScience, October 7, 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/how-leatherback-sea-turtles-keep-their-muscles-warm-frigid-waters/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. “Homeland Security: DHS Enterprise Architecture Continues to Evolve but Improvements Needed.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 9, 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mills, Jessica. “Catherine of Siena: No Saint Is an Island.” Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, Ben. “After 2008, Picking On the Little Guy.” New York Times, May 18, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Eastern African Studies
Abbreviation	J. East. Afr. Stud.
ISSN (print)	1753-1055
ISSN (online)	1753-1063
Scope	History Sociology and Political Science Anthropology Cultural Studies Political Science and International Relations