How to format your references using the Journal of Musculoskeletal Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Musculoskeletal Research (JMR). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nelder C. Communication: Positive energy. Nature 498(7454):293–295, 2013.

A journal article with 2 authors

Powrie F, Maloy KJ. Immunology. Regulating the regulators. Science 299(5609):1030–1031, 2003.

A journal article with 3 authors

Doncaster CP, Jackson A, Watson RA. Competitive environments sustain costly altruism with negligible assortment of interactions. Sci Rep 3:2836, 2013.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Mendil J, Nieves P, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, Walowski J, Santos T, Pisana S, et al. Resolving the role of femtosecond heated electrons in ultrafast spin dynamics. Sci Rep 4:3980, 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ciobanu CV, Wang C-Z, Ho K-M. Atomic Structure Prediction of Nanostructures, Clusters and Surfaces. Weinheim, Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013.

An edited book

Sedation at the End-of-life: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Vol. 116. Vol. 116 Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Bennett ST. Validation of Hemostasis Assays, Analyzers, and Reagents. In: Laboratory Hemostasis: A Practical Guide for Pathologists, edited by Lehman CM, Rodgers GM, Cham, Springer International Publishing, pp. 45–67, 2015.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Musculoskeletal Research.

Blog post

Andrew E. From Beer As Preventative To Modern-Day Bacteria, Food Safety Is Still On The Agenda. IFLScience, https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/beer-preventative-modern-day-bacteria-food-safety-still-agenda/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Federal Air Marshal Service: Actions Taken to Fulfill Core Mission and Address Workforce Issues. 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Littlefield S. Application of Discrete Event Simulation to Modeling Reliability of Highly Parallel Systems with Common Cause Failures. Washington, DC, George Washington University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Poniewozik J. For Trump, Everything Is a Rating. New York Times, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Musculoskeletal Research
ISSN (print)	0218-9577
ISSN (online)	1793-6497
Scope