How to format your references using the Journal of Neurosurgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Neurosurgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Guarente L. Sirtuins as potential targets for metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444(7121):868-874.

A journal article with 2 authors

Wehr M, Zador AM. Balanced inhibition underlies tuning and sharpens spike timing in auditory cortex. Nature. 2003;426(6965):442-446.

A journal article with 3 authors

Thompson RJ, Zhou N, MacVicar BA. Ischemia opens neuronal gap junction hemichannels. Science. 2006;312(5775):924-927.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Chen P, Xiong Z, Luo J, Lin J, Tan KL. Interaction of hydrogen with metal nitrides and imides. Nature. 2002;420(6913):302-304.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ludders JW, McMillan M. Errors in Veterinary Anesthesia. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Starke K, Gaestel M, eds. Molecular Chaperones in Health and Disease. Vol 172. Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Gillani S, Shahzad F, Qayyum A, Mehmood R. A Survey on Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In: Berbineau M, Jonsson M, Bonnin JM, et al., eds. Communication Technologies for Vehicles: 5th International Workshop, Nets4Cars/Nets4Trains 2013, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, May 14-15, 2013. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2013:59-74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Neurosurgery.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. How The Universe’s Brightest Galaxies Became So Bright. IFLScience. September 23, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/space/how-universes-brightest-galaxies-became-so-bright/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: VA and DOD Are Making Progress in Sharing Medical Information, but Are Far from Comprehensive Electronic Medical Records. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Torres-Partida A. Bridging the Gap between Faith Based Leaders and Mental Health Professionals. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices Take Up On-Air Vulgarity Again. New York Times. March 18, 2008:A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Neurosurgery
Abbreviation	J. Neurosurg.
ISSN (print)	0022-3085
ISSN (online)	1933-0693
Scope	Clinical Neurology Surgery