How to format your references using the Journal of the Geological Society citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the Geological Society. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rando, T.A. 2006. Stem cells, ageing and the quest for immortality. Nature, 441, 1080–1086.

A journal article with 2 authors

Trinkle-Mulcahy, L. and Lamond, A.I. 2007. Toward a high-resolution view of nuclear dynamics. Science (New York, N.Y.), 318, 1402–1407.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ben-Shem, A., Frolow, F. and Nelson, N. 2003. Crystal structure of plant photosystem I. Nature, 426, 630–635.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Hung, C.-M., Chang, C.-C., Lin, C.-W., Chen, C.-C. and Hsu, Y.-C. 2014. GADD45γ induces G2/M arrest in human pharynx and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by cucurbitacin E. Scientific reports, 4, 6454.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Stratton, J.A. 2015. Electromagnetic Theory.

An edited book

Ferreira, C.E., Miyano, S. and Stadler, P.F. (eds). 2010. Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology: 5th Brazilian Symposium on Bioinformatics, BSB 2010, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 31-September 3, 2010. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

A chapter in an edited book

Lee, C.-F., Lee, J., Chang, J.-R. and Tai, T. 2016. Probability Concepts and Their Analysis. In: Lee, J., Chang, J.-R. and Tai, T. (eds) Essentials of Excel, Excel VBA, SAS and Minitab for Statistical and Financial Analyses. 119–144.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the Geological Society.

Blog post

Andrews, R. 2016. Can You Pass A High School Health Class Quiz On Nutrition? IFLSciencehttps://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/high-school-health-class-quiz-nutrition/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1978. Department of Energy’s Consolidation of Information Processing Activities Needs More Attention. EMD-78-60.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hayes, U.T. 2014. Mental Health Services for Foster Youth: A Grant Proposal. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M.W. 2011. A.I.G. Tells Shareholders Stock Sale Still Planned. New York Times, B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rando 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Rando 2006; Trinkle-Mulcahy and Lamond 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Trinkle-Mulcahy and Lamond 2007)
Three or more authors: (Hung et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the Geological Society
Abbreviation	J. Geol. Soc. London
ISSN (print)	0016-7649
ISSN (online)	2041-479X
Scope	Geology