How to format your references using the Knowledge and Information Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Knowledge and Information Systems. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bell G (2001) Neutral macroecology. Science 293:2413–2418

A journal article with 2 authors

Gandin V, Topisirovic I (2013) Cell biology. Trans-HSF1 express. Science 341:242–243

A journal article with 3 authors

Agrawal A, Chhatre A, Hardin R (2008) Changing governance of the world’s forests. Science 320:1460–1462

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Yasuda S, Sugiura H, Katsurabayashi S, et al (2014) Activation of Rheb, but not of mTORC1, impairs spine synapse morphogenesis in tuberous sclerosis complex. Sci Rep 4:5155

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Duffy DJ (2006) Finite Difference Methods in Financial Engineering. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Shekhar R, Wesarg S, González Ballester MÁ, et al (2016) Clinical Image-Based Procedures. Translational Research in Medical Imaging: 5th International Workshop, CLIP 2016, Held in Conjunction with MICCAI 2016, Athens, Greece, October 17, 2016, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Slee B (2007) Landscape goods and services related to forestry land use. In: Mander Ü, Wiggering H, Helming K (eds) Multifunctional Land Use: Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 65–82

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Knowledge and Information Systems.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) Ultrasound Used To Create 3D Shapes In Mid Air That Can Be Seen And Felt. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1998) Intercity Passenger Rail: Outlook for Improving Amtrak’s Financial Health. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nuno ZS (2012) Visible and mid-infrared optical studies of plasmon and phonon resonant nanoparticles using apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L (2007) Elections Could Shift Power in Nassau. New York Times 14LI2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Knowledge and Information Systems
Abbreviation	Knowl. Inf. Syst.
ISSN (print)	0219-1377
ISSN (online)	0219-3116
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Hardware and Architecture Human-Computer Interaction Information Systems Software