How to format your references using the Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marx, V.: Proteomics: An atlas of expression. Nature. 509, 645–649 (2014)

A journal article with 2 authors

Linkenhoker, B.A., Knudsen, E.I.: Incremental training increases the plasticity of the auditory space map in adult barn owls. Nature. 419, 293–296 (2002)

A journal article with 3 authors

Locher, K.P., Bass, R.B., Rees, D.C.: Structural biology. Breaching the barrier. Science. 301, 603–604 (2003)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hansen, P.L., Wagner, J.B., Helveg, S., Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., Clausen, B.S., Topsøe, H.: Atom-resolved imaging of dynamic shape changes in supported copper nanocrystals. Science. 295, 2053–2055 (2002)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Provost, J.J., Colabroy, K.L., Kelly, B.S., Wallert, M.A.: The Science of Cooking. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ (2016)

An edited book

Hougardy, S.: Algorithmic Mathematics. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)

A chapter in an edited book

Scozzari, S., Gamberini, L.: Virtual Reality as a Tool for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review. In: Brahnam, S. and Jain, L.C. (eds.) Advanced Computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 6. Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and Assessment. pp. 63–108. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (2011)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences.

Blog post

Fang, J.: Dogs May Have Originated In Central Asia, https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/dogs-were-domesticated-central-asia/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Triad Hearing Follow-up. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (1993)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Guiltinan, E.: Characterizing well connectivity in fractured bedrock using periodic hydraulic tests, (2012)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L.F.: For Police Recruits, Training in Tolerance, (2007)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marx 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Linkenhoker and Knudsen 2002; Marx 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Linkenhoker and Knudsen 2002)
Three or more authors: (Hansen et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences
Abbreviation	Lett. Spat. Resour. Sci.
ISSN (print)	1864-4031
ISSN (online)	1864-404X
Scope	Economics and Econometrics Geography, Planning and Development Demography Urban Studies