How to format your references using the Medical Hypotheses citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Medical Hypotheses. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Maxmen A. Drug development: A combined effort. Nature 2013;502:S4-6.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Little DP, Jeanson ML. DNA barcode authentication of saw palmetto herbal dietary supplements. Sci Rep 2013;3:3518.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Loope DB, Rowe CM, Joeckel RM. Annual monsoon rains recorded by Jurassic dunes. Nature 2001;412:64–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Heemsbergen DA, Berg MP, Loreau M, van Hal JR, Faber JH, Verhoef HA. Biodiversity effects on soil processes explained by interspecific functional dissimilarity. Science 2004;306:1019–20.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Nomura S. Micromechanics with Mathematica. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

[1]

Krogstie J, Opdahl A, Sindre G, editors. Advanced Information Systems Engineering: 19th International Conference, CAiSE 2007, Trondheim, Norway, June 11-15, 2007. Proceedings. vol. 4495. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

van Steenbergen M, Schipper J, Bos R, Brinkkemper S. The Dynamic Architecture Maturity Matrix: Instrument Analysis and Refinement. In: Dan A, Gittler F, Toumani F, editors. Service-Oriented Computing. ICSOC/ServiceWave 2009 Workshops: International Workshops, ICSOC/ServiceWave 2009, Stockholm, Sweden, November 23-27, 2009, Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010, p. 48–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Medical Hypotheses.

Blog post

[1]

Carpineti A. Avalanche Victim Suffers From Sudoku-Induced Seizures. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/sudoku-induced-seizures-avalanche-victim/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Strong Leadership and Partnerships Needed to Mitigate Risk of Major Disruptions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Cole Jackson M. National school reform: the benefits of civility and ethics instruction. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Sengupta S, Eddy M, Buckley C, Rubin AJ. Defiant Other Countries Reaffirm Fight Against Climate Change. New York Times 2017:A11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Medical Hypotheses
Abbreviation	Med. Hypotheses
ISSN (print)	0306-9877
Scope	General Medicine