How to format your references using the Networks and Spatial Economics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Networks and Spatial Economics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Maxmen A (2012) Public health: Death at the doorstep. Nature 484:S19-21

A journal article with 2 authors

Ogura K, Okamura H (2013) Conformational change of Sos-derived proline-rich peptide upon binding Grb2 N-terminal SH3 domain probed by NMR. Sci Rep 3:2913

A journal article with 3 authors

Haig J, Nott J, Reichart G-J (2014) Australian tropical cyclone activity lower than at any time over the past 550-1,500 years. Nature 505:667–671

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zhang C, Griffith BR, Fu Q, et al (2006) Exploiting the reversibility of natural product glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions. Science 313:1291–1294

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Good PI, Hardin JW (2006) Common Errors in Statistics (and How to Avoid Them). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Vivanco JM, Weir T (eds) (2011) Chemical Biology of the Tropics: An Interdisciplinary Approach, First. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Narayana Swamy BK, Nagaraju Y (2016) Methodological Issues in Social Science Research for Bioresource Conservation and Livelihood Development Under Global Climate Change. In: Nautiyal S, Schaldach R, Raju KV, et al. (eds) Climate Change Challenge (3C) and Social-Economic-Ecological Interface-Building: Exploring Potential Adaptation Strategies for Bio-resource Conservation and Livelihood Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 65–81

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Networks and Spatial Economics.

Blog post

Luntz S (2016) Open Source Science Explores Malaria Drugs. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1981) Repayment of Overpaid Cash-in-Lieu-of-Commodities Funds to Louisiana Youth Talent Promotion, Inc. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Blumenthal PM (2014) Local Land Use Regulatory Regimes and Residential Development Outcomes: An Analysis of Subdivision Review in Four Counties in the DC Region. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ortved J (2016) Bottoms Up: It’s Her Brand. New York Times D7

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Maxmen 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Maxmen 2012; Ogura and Okamura 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ogura and Okamura 2013)
Three or more authors: (Zhang et al. 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Networks and Spatial Economics
Abbreviation	Netw. Spat. Econ.
ISSN (print)	1566-113X
ISSN (online)	1572-9427
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Networks and Communications Software