How to format your references using the Ophthalmology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Ophthalmology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Walter MJ. Earth science. A shear pathway to the core. Nature 2000;403:839–840.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Lam I, Keeney S. Nonparadoxical evolutionary stability of the recombination initiation landscape in yeast. Science 2015;350:932–937.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Cai Y, Zhang G, Zhang Y-W. Layer-dependent band alignment and work function of few-layer phosphorene. Sci Rep 2014;4:6677.

A journal article with 5 or more authors

1. Naumova EA, Sandulescu T, Bochnig C, et al. Dynamic changes in saliva after acute mental stress. Sci Rep 2014;4:4884.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Landragin F. Man-Machine Dialogue. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Ingram JC, DeClerck F, Rumbaitis del Rio C eds. Integrating Ecology and Poverty Reduction: The Application of Ecology in Development Solutions. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Saakov VS, Krivchenko AI, Rozengart EV, Danilova IG. The Range of DSHO Application in Experiments with Pigments of Plants and Animals. In: Krivchenko AI, Rozengart EV, Danilova IG, eds. Derivative Spectrophotometry and PAM-Fluorescence in Comparative Biochemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015:479–605.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Ophthalmology.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. First Successful Demonstration For Quantum Satellite Communication. IFLScience 2017. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/first-successful-step-for-quantum-satellite-communication/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Competition in the Airline Computerized Reservation System Industry. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Muenyong-Zinner S. Care First Wound Healing Center a Business Plan. 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Isherwood C. The Best Religion? A Believer Answers. New York Times 2016:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Ophthalmology
Abbreviation	Ophthalmology
ISSN (print)	0161-6420
ISSN (online)	1549-4713
Scope	Ophthalmology