How to format your references using the Optical and Quantum Electronics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Optical and Quantum Electronics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Botstein, D.: Genome-sequencing anniversary. Fruits of genome sequences for biology. Science. 331, 1025 (2011)

A journal article with 2 authors

Luan, B., Robbins, M.O.: The breakdown of continuum models for mechanical contacts. Nature. 435, 929–932 (2005)

A journal article with 3 authors

Shim, S.H., Duffy, T.S., Shen, G.: The post-spinel transformation in Mg2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontinuity. Nature. 411, 571–574 (2001)

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Li, D., Xue, W., Li, M., Dong, M., Wang, J., Wang, X., Li, X., Chen, K., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Gao, L., Chen, Y., Chen, J., Zhou, B.O., Zhou, Y., Yao, X., Li, L., Wu, D., Pan, W.: VCAM-1+ macrophages guide the homing of HSPCs to a vascular niche. Nature. (2018)

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Wystup, U.: FX Options and Structured Products. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Oxford, UK (2006)

An edited book

Dinerstein, A.C. ed: Social Sciences for an Other Politics: Women Theorizing Without Parachutes. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)

A chapter in an edited book

N. Makarov, S., Ludwig, R., Bitar, S.J.: Operational Amplifier and Amplifier Models. In: Ludwig, R. and Bitar, S.J. (eds.) Practical Electrical Engineering. pp. 189–255. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016)

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Optical and Quantum Electronics.

Blog post

Andrew, D.: Bioethicist: The Climate Crisis Calls For Fewer Children, https://www.iflscience.com/environment/bioethicist-the-climate-crisis-calls-for-fewer-children/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Social Security Numbers: Stronger Protections Needed When Contractors Have Access to SSNs. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC (2006)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dorin, J.: Attachment style and perceived stress in college students, (2014)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Peters, M.E., Barend, S.: Why Private Cash Improves Public Works, (2017)

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Botstein 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Botstein 2011; Luan and Robbins 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Luan and Robbins 2005)
Three or more authors: (Li et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Optical and Quantum Electronics
Abbreviation	Opt. Quantum Electron.
ISSN (print)	0306-8919
ISSN (online)	1572-817X
Scope	Electrical and Electronic Engineering Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics