How to format your references using the OR Spectrum citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for OR Spectrum. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Holt R (2012) US election: Politicians should think like scientists. Nature 489:493–494

A journal article with 2 authors

Gerson AR, Guglielmo CG (2011) Flight at low ambient humidity increases protein catabolism in migratory birds. Science 333:1434–1436

A journal article with 3 authors

Snyder A, Pamer E, Wolchok J (2015) IMMUNOTHERAPY. Could microbial therapy boost cancer immunotherapy? Science 350:1031–1032

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Pereira M, Pfisterer U, Rylander D, et al (2014) Highly efficient generation of induced neurons from human fibroblasts that survive transplantation into the adult rat brain. Sci Rep 4:6330

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kroupa VF (2005) Phase Lock Loops and Frequency Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Guerrieri A, Loscri V, Rovella A, Fortino G (eds) (2016) Management of Cyber Physical Objects in the Future Internet of Things: Methods, Architectures and Applications, 1st ed. 2016. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Law N, Yuen A, Fox R (2011) Pedagogical Practices, Technology Use, and Teacher Competence. In: Yuen A, Fox R (eds) Educational Innovations Beyond Technology: Nurturing Leadership and Establishing Learning Organizations. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 89–111

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for OR Spectrum.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2015) Long-Tailed Galaxy Amazes Astronomers. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2011) Aviation Safety: Enhanced Oversight and Improved Availability of Risk- Based Data Could Further Improve Safety. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Schroder GL (2015) A quantitative study of critical thinking skills in bachelors of science nursing program students. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB (2017) How United Pulled Out Of Its Public Nose Dive. New York Times B1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Holt 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Gerson and Guglielmo 2011; Holt 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gerson and Guglielmo 2011)
Three or more authors: (Pereira et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	OR Spectrum
Abbreviation	OR Spectr.
ISSN (print)	0171-6468
ISSN (online)	1436-6304
Scope	Management Science and Operations Research