How to format your references using the Osteoarthritis and Cartilage citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wehrli B. Biogeochemistry: Conduits of the carbon cycle. Nature. 2013;503(7476):346-347.

A journal article with 2 authors

Sepúlveda J, Murray C. The state of global health in 2014. Science. 2014;345(6202):1275-1278.

A journal article with 3 authors

Altewischer E, van Exter MP, Woerdman JP. Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons. Nature. 2002;418(6895):304-306.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Partridge EA, Le Roy C, Di Guglielmo GM, et al. Regulation of cytokine receptors by Golgi N-glycan processing and endocytosis. Science. 2004;306(5693):120-124.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hopkins BR. Fundraising Law Made Easy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

Ackerman MS. Resources, Co-Evolution and Artifacts: Theory in CSCW. (Halverson CA, Erickson T, Kellogg WA, eds.). Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Altman BM, Rasch EK. Purpose of an International Comparable Census Disability Measure. In: Altman BM, ed. International Measurement of Disability: Purpose, Method and Application. Social Indicators Research Series. Springer International Publishing; 2016:55-68.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Osteoarthritis and Cartilage.

Blog post

Fang J. Baby Mammoths So Well Preserved We Can Determine Cause Of Death. IFLScience. July 14, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/baby-mammoths-so-well-preserved-we-can-determine-cause-death/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Vulnerabilities in the Stafford Student Loan Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1991.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McCorkle WB. Tongue, Nib, Block, Bit: Rhetorical Delivery and Technologies of Writing. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University; 2005.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

McKINLEY JC Jr. No More Tea With Caligula. New York Times. October 20, 2017:C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
Abbreviation	Osteoarthritis Cartilage
ISSN (print)	1063-4584
ISSN (online)	1522-9653
Scope	Biomedical Engineering Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rheumatology