How to format your references using the Pakistan Journal of Medical Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Veltman C. Genesis of a high-tech hub. Nature. 2003 Dec 11;426(6967):700–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Rogers RD, Seddon KR. Chemistry. Ionic liquids--solvents of the future? Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):792–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cello J, Paul AV, Wimmer E. Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Morris MC, Kaiser P, Rudyak S, Baskerville C, Watson MH, Reed SI. Cks1-dependent proteasome recruitment and activation of CDC20 transcription in budding yeast. Nature. 2003 Jun 26;423(6943):1009–13.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mann S. Microsoft® SharePoint® Server 2010 Bible. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2010.

An edited book

Gayar NE, Schwenker F, Suen C, editors. Artificial Neural Networks in Pattern Recognition: 6th IAPR TC 3 International Workshop, ANNPR 2014, Montreal, QC, Canada, October 6-8, 2014. Proceedings. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. XII, 289 p. 82 illus. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 8774).

A chapter in an edited book

Knols BGJ, van Schayk I. The Need for Synergy and Value Creation in Contemporary Vector Research and Control. In: Atkinson PW, editor. Vector Biology, Ecology and Control. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2010. p. 63–79.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pakistan Journal of Medical Research.

Blog post

Andrew D. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Land Carbon Storage Swelled In The Little Ice Age, Which Bodes Ill For The Future. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/land-carbon-storage-swelled-in-the-little-ice-age-which-bodes-ill-for-the-future/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Security Administration: More Clarity on the Authority of Federal Security Directors Is Needed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Sep. Report No.: GAO-05-935.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sonn AC. Institutions’ needs and donors’ dreams: A case study of successful student affairs fundraising collaboration at three private research universities [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines GG. First Strokes To Becoming Aquaman. New York Times. 2011 May 27;C27.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Pakistan Journal of Medical Research
ISSN (print)	0030-9842
Scope