How to format your references using the Pathogens and Immunity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathogens and Immunity (PAI). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Liedl T. Nanotechnology: Pathfinder for DNA constructs. Nature. 2015 Jul 23;523(7561):412–3. PubMed PMID: 26201592

A journal article with 2 authors

McGuinness LP, Jelezko F. Quantum mechanics. Look but don’t touch the metals. Science. 2015 Mar 6;347(6226):1073–4. PubMed PMID: 25745151

A journal article with 3 authors

Feurer T, Vaughan JC, Nelson KA. Spatiotemporal coherent control of lattice vibrational waves. Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):374–7. PubMed PMID: 12532012

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ventura M, Antonacci F, Cardone MF, Stanyon R, D’Addabbo P, Cellamare A, Sprague LJ, Eichler EE, Archidiacono N, Rocchi M. Evolutionary formation of new centromeres in macaque. Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):243–6. PubMed PMID: 17431171

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ndjountche T. Digital Electronics 3. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Morello L. The Automotive Body: Volume II: System Design. Rossini LR, Pia G, Tonoli A, editors. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

Penna A, Rota M, Galasco A, Mouyiannou A. Towards the Use of Time-History Analysis for the Seismic Assessment of Masonry Structures. In: Psycharis IN, Pantazopoulou SJ, Papadrakakis M, editors. Seismic Assessment, Behavior and Retrofit of Heritage Buildings and Monuments. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 83–111.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathogens and Immunity.

Blog post

Hale T. This Creepy Mask Is The Oldest Copper Object Crafted In South America [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/this-creepy-mask-is-the-oldest-copper-object-crafted-in-south-america/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Mass Transit: Status of New Starts Transit Projects With Full Funding Grant Agreements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999 Aug. Report No.: RCED-99-240.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Batistick SA. Reclaiming One’s Gold: Imagining the Inner Child Through the Art of Therapeutic Fairy Tale Writing [Doctoral dissertation]. [Carpinteria, CA]: Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

de la MERCED MJ. Activist Fund Cashes Out Of Stake in Whole Foods. New York Times. 2017 Jul 20;B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathogens and Immunity
ISSN (online)	2469-2964
Scope