How to format your references using the Pathology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pathology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Balter M. ARCHAEOLOGY: Paintings in Italian Cave May Be Oldest Yet. Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):419–21.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ochman H, Davalos LM. The nature and dynamics of bacterial genomes. Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1730–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cho MK, McGee G, Magnus D. Research conduct. Lessons of the stem cell scandal. Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):614–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Liang M, Li W, Tian H, Hu T, Wang L, Lin Y, et al. Sequential expression of long noncoding RNA as mRNA gene expression in specific stages of mouse spermatogenesis. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 6;4:5966.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bosq D, Blanke D. Inference and Prediction in Large Dimensions: Bosq/Inference and Prediction in Large Dimensions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007. (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics).

An edited book

Lax PD. Calculus With Applications. 2nd ed. 2014. Terrell MS, editor. New York, NY: Springer; 2014. XII, 503 p. 220 illus. (Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics).

A chapter in an edited book

Cody AJ, Colles FM, Sheppard SK, Maiden MCJ. Where Does Campylobacter Come From? A Molecular Odyssey. In: Finn A, Curtis N, Pollard AJ, editors. Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI. New York, NY: Springer; 2010. p. 47–56. (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pathology.

Blog post

Andrew E. Neurogenesis Could Help Adult Brains Adapt To Changing Environments [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/neurogenesis-could-help-adult-brains-adapt-changing-environments/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Remote Radar for Yakima. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1995 Feb. Report No.: RCED-95-106R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ortega S de. The Impact of Outcome Measurement on Non-profit Organizations: A Case Study [Doctoral dissertation]. [Columbus, OH]: Ohio State University; 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin J. Political Bite Gives Colbert Ratings Edge Over Fallon. New York Times. 2017 Feb 7;B3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pathology
Abbreviation	Pathology
ISSN (print)	0031-3025
ISSN (online)	1465-3931
Scope	Pathology and Forensic Medicine