How to format your references using the Pattern Recognition Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pattern Recognition Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

B. Martin, From industry to academia, Nature 429 (2004) 324–325.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

G. Moore, E.O. Wilson, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science. Integrating science and conservation, Nature 405 (2000) 254.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

M.E. Hellberg, D.P. Balch, K. Roy, Climate-driven range expansion and morphological evolution in a marine gastropod, Science 292 (2001) 1707–1710.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

C.L. Organ, D.E. Janes, A. Meade, M. Pagel, Genotypic sex determination enabled adaptive radiations of extinct marine reptiles, Nature 461 (2009) 389–392.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

M. Benslama, H. Batatia, A. Messai, Transitions from Digital Communications to Quantum Communications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2016.

An edited book

[1]

M. Kono, Nonlinear Physics of Plasmas, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

I. Pietri, R. Sakellariou, Cost-Efficient CPU Provisioning for Scientific Workflows on Clouds, in: J. Altmann, G.C. Silaghi, O.F. Rana (Eds.), Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services: 12th International Conference, GECON 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, September 15-17, 2015, Revised Selected Papers, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016: pp. 49–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pattern Recognition Letters.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Turns Out The Answer To Virtual Reality Sickness Is Right In Front Of Your Face, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/technology/turns-out-answer-virtual-reality-sickness-right-front-your-face/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Federal Education Funding: Multiple Programs and Lack of Data Raise Efficiency and Effectiveness Concerns, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1997.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

J.P. Bernstein, Helical Symmetry, Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

T. Cowen, More Time to Unwind, Unless You’re a Woman, New York Times (2016) BU3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pattern Recognition Letters
Abbreviation	Pattern Recognit. Lett.
ISSN (print)	0167-8655
Scope	Artificial Intelligence Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Signal Processing Software