How to format your references using the Permafrost and Periglacial Processes citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Staley, K. 2004. Neuroscience. Epileptic neurons go wireless. Science (New York, N.Y.) 305 : 482–483.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nesbit, J. & Bradford, M. 2006. 2006 Visualization Challenge. Science (New York, N.Y.) 313 : 1729.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gitlin, A.D., Shulman, Z. & Nussenzweig, M.C. 2014. Clonal selection in the germinal centre by regulated proliferation and hypermutation. Nature 509 : 637–640.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Renard, V.T., Duchemin, I., Niida, Y., Fujiwara, A., Hirayama, Y. & Takashina, K. 2013. Metallic behaviour in SOI quantum wells with strong intervalley scattering. Scientific reports 3 : 2011.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Schlechty, P.C. 2009. Leading for Learning, San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass.

An edited book

Dietrich, M. & Haase, J. eds 2012. Process Variations and Probabilistic Integrated Circuit Design, New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Piccoli, R., De Rosa, N. & Davis, S. 2016. Novel Methods for Prevention and Early Diagnosis of Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers. In Gynecological Cancers: Genetic and Epigenetic Targets and Drug Development. A. Giordano & M. Macaluso, eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 79–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.

Blog post

Carpineti, A. 2017. The Wow! Signal Sorted? Not So Fast! IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office 1983. Analysis of Migration Characteristics of Children Served Under the Migrant Education Program, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

MacKinder, M. 2010. Max the Knife, Salesman. Doctoral dissertation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L. 2007. As to the Direction of the Roberts Court: The Jury Is Still Out. New York Times A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Staley 2004).
This sentence cites two references (Staley 2004; Nesbit & Bradford 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Nesbit & Bradford 2006)
Three or more authors: (Renard et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Permafrost and Periglacial Processes
Abbreviation	Permafrost Periglacial Processes
ISSN (print)	1045-6740
ISSN (online)	1099-1530
Scope	Earth-Surface Processes