How to format your references using the Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Richmond CR. How neptunium led to the birth of plutonium. Nature. 406(6795), 455 (2000).

A journal article with 2 authors

Karakas E, Furukawa H. Crystal structure of a heterotetrameric NMDA receptor ion channel. Science. 344(6187), 992–997 (2014).

A journal article with 3 authors

Anderson DG, Burdick JA, Langer R. Materials science. Smart biomaterials. Science. 305(5692), 1923–1924 (2004).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Steuber T, Rauch M, Masse J-P, Graaf J, Malkoc M. Low-latitude seasonality of Cretaceous temperatures in warm and cold episodes. Nature. 437(7063), 1341–1344 (2005).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sheldrake AL. Handbook of Electrical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Cremers D, Reid I, Saito H, Yang M-H, editors. Computer Vision -- ACCV 2014: 12th Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Singapore, Singapore, November 1-5, 2014, Revised Selected Papers, Part III. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Giljum S, Hubacek K. Conceptual Foundations and Applications of Physical Input-Output Tables. In: Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology. Suh S (Ed.), Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 61–75 (2009).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst.

Blog post

Carpineti A. Meteorite Simulations Hint At Water-Rich Mars [Internet]. IFLScience (2017). Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/meteorite-simulations-hint-at-waterrich-mars/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. [Comments on FAA Employee’s Claim for Real Estate Expenses]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Holloway LR. Synthesis and investigation of novel dinitrosyl-Iron complexes of chelated Bis-phosphine ligands: Potential nitric oxide delivery compounds. (2013).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario B. Concert Giants Seek Gold in New York Grit. New York Times, B1 (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst
Abbreviation	Pharm. Pat. Anal.
ISSN (print)	2046-8954
ISSN (online)	2046-8962
Scope	General Medicine