How to format your references using the Photonics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Photonics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bloch, I. Quantum Gases. Science 2008, 319, 1202–1203.

A journal article with 2 authors

Webb, J.; Domanski, M. Paleontology. Fire and Stone. Science 2009, 325, 820–821.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bidle, K.D.; Manganelli, M.; Azam, F. Regulation of Oceanic Silicon and Carbon Preservation by Temperature Control on Bacteria. Science 2002, 298, 1980–1984.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Li, S.; Hill, C.P.; Sundquist, W.I.; Finch, J.T. Image Reconstructions of Helical Assemblies of the HIV-1 CA Protein. Nature 2000, 407, 409–413.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Saccone, C.; Pesole, G. Handbook of Comparative Genomics; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2005; ISBN 9780471722724.

An edited book

Social Movements and the State in India: Deepening Democracy?; Nielsen, K.B., Nilsen, A.G., Eds.; Rethinking International Development series; Palgrave Macmillan UK: London, 2016; ISBN 9781137591326.

A chapter in an edited book

Clayton, W.S.; Petri, B.G.; Huling, S.G. Fundamentals of ISCO Using Ozone. In In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation; Siegrist, R.L., Crimi, M., Simpkin, T.J., Eds.; SERDP/ESTCP Environmental Remediation Technology; Springer: New York, NY, 2011; pp. 193–232 ISBN 9781441978257.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Photonics.

Blog post

Taub, B. Freak Minerals Found Buried In Siberia Could Become The Fuel Cells Of The Future Available online: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/freak-minerals-found-buried-siberia-fuels-cells-future/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Transportation Worker Identification Credential: Card Reader Pilot Results Are Unreliable; Security Benefits Need to Be Reassessed; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2013;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Robinson, L.M. Using Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Spectroscopy to Examine Exciton Dynamics in II-VI Semiconductor Nanostructures. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati: Cincinnati, OH, 2001.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K. Which Fork Should You Use When Eating Your Words? New York Times 2000, 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Photonics
Abbreviation	Photonics
ISSN (online)	2304-6732
Scope