How to format your references using the Physics in Medicine and Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Physics in Medicine and Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wuethrich B 2000 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: Feds Team Up With a Company to Protect 17 Threatened Fish Species Science 289 385

A journal article with 2 authors

Wennerås C and Wold A 2000 A chair of one’s own Nature 408 647

A journal article with 3 authors

Couch S, Sparks R S and Carroll M R 2001 Mineral disequilibrium in lavas explained by convective self-mixing in open magma chambers Nature 411 1037–9

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Ivanova N, Dobrin R, Lu R, Kotenko I, Levorse J, DeCoste C, Schafer X, Lun Y and Lemischka I R 2006 Dissecting self-renewal in stem cells with RNA interference Nature 442 533–8

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kudnig S T and Séguin B 2012 Veterinary Surgical Oncology (West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,.)

An edited book

Badouel E 2015 Petri Net Synthesis ed L Bernardinello and P Darondeau (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer)

A chapter in an edited book

Couto J 2005 Kernel K-Means for Categorical Data Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis VI: 6th International Symposium on Intelligent Data Analysis, IDA 2005, Madrid, Spain, September 8-10, 2005. Proceedings Lecture Notes in Computer Science ed A F Famili, J N Kok, J M Peña, A Siebes and A Feelders (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer) pp 46–56

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Physics in Medicine and Biology.

Blog post

Carpineti A 2016 Nearby Stars Provides A Snapshot Of The Future Of Earth IFLScience Online: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nearby-stars-provides-a-snapshot-of-the-future-of-earth/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office 1995 [Comments on Claim for Additional Charges on FAA Shipment] (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cosma A C 2019 Real-Time Individual Thermal Preferences Prediction Using Visual Sensors Doctoral dissertation (Washington, DC: George Washington University)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy M J O 2011 Down the Tube New York Times BR15

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wuethrich 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Wuethrich 2000, Wennerås and Wold 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Wennerås and Wold 2000)
Three or more authors: (Ivanova et al 2006)

About the journal

Full journal title	Physics in Medicine and Biology
Abbreviation	Phys. Med. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0031-9155
ISSN (online)	1361-6560
Scope	Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging Radiological and Ultrasound Technology