How to format your references using the Polar Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Polar Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Walmsley I.A. 2015. Quantum optics: science and technology in a new light. Science (New York, N.Y.) 348, 525–530.

A journal article with 2 authors

Geballe T.R. & Oka T. 2006. Astronomy. A key molecular ion in the universe and in the laboratory. Science (New York, N.Y.) 312, 1610–1612.

A journal article with 3 authors

Kah L.C., Lyons T.W. & Frank T.D. 2004. Low marine sulphate and protracted oxygenation of the Proterozoic biosphere. Nature 431, 834–838.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yang G., Nagel D.H., Feschotte C., Hancock C.N. & Wessler S.R. 2009. Tuned for transposition: molecular determinants underlying the hyperactivity of a Stowaway MITE. Science (New York, N.Y.) 325, 1391–1394.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Al-Shuhail A.A., Al-Dossary S.A. & Mousa W.A. 2017. Seismic Data Interpretation using Digital Image Processing. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Balla T., Wymann M. & York J.D. (eds.). 2012. Phosphoinositides II: The Diverse Biological Functions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Shmaliy Y. 2007. LTI Systems in the Frequency Domain (Transform Analysis). In Y. Shmaliy (ed.): Continuous-Time Systems. Pp. 239–347. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Polar Research.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. 2017. T. Rex Probably Looked Just As Fearsome As You Thought, Not Fluffy With Feathers. IFLScience. Accessed on the internet at https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/t-rex-probably-looked-just-as-fearsome-as-you-thought-not-fluffy-with-feathers/ on 30 October 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1988. Reports Issued in July 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 136598.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Pena H. 2017. Long-Term Effects of Post-Fire Forest Structure on Understory Vegetation in Larch Forests of the Siberian Arctic. Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Grynbaum M.M. 2017. They’re Like a Sitcom. Really. New York Times, C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Walmsley 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Geballe & Oka 2006; Walmsley 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Geballe & Oka 2006)
Three or more authors: (Yang et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Polar Research
ISSN (print)	0800-0395
ISSN (online)	1751-8369
Scope