How to format your references using the Frontline Gastroenterology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontline Gastroenterology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lakhdar ZB. Global voices of science. Following the light: opening doors to science in Tunisia. Science. 2005;310:1435–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Broza M, Halpern M. Pathogen reservoirs. Chironomid egg masses and Vibrio cholerae. Nature. 2001;412:40.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dillingham MS, Spies M, Kowalczykowski SC. RecBCD enzyme is a bipolar DNA helicase. Nature. 2003;423:893–7.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Corset V, Nguyen-Ba-Charvet KT, Forcet C, et al. Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth and cAMP production requires interaction with adenosine A2b receptor. Nature. 2000;407:747–50.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zauderer E. Partial Differential Equations of Applied Mathematics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2006.

An edited book

Finkel D, Reynolds CA, editors. Behavior Genetics of Cognition Across the Lifespan. New York, NY: Springer 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Hines RS. The Role of Genomic and Applied Molecular Biology. In: Smith RP, ed. Primary Care in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Handbook for Clinicians. New York, NY: Springer 2007:89–103.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontline Gastroenterology.

Blog post

Andrew D. Poo Transplants And Probiotics – Does Anything Work To Improve The Health Of Our Gut? IFLScience. 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/poo-transplants-and-probiotics-does-anything-work-to-improve-the-health-of-our-gut/ (accessed 30 October 2018)

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Telecommunications: Telephone Slamming and Its Harmful Effects. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Theis JY. Accessing mental health services among Asian American adults: Evidence from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. Supreme Court Hears Plea for Help From Puerto Rico. New York Times. 2016;B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontline Gastroenterology
Abbreviation	Frontline Gastroenterol.
ISSN (print)	2041-4137
ISSN (online)	2041-4145
Scope