How to format your references using the Prehospital Emergency Care citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Prehospital Emergency Care (PEC). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Klug DD: Thermodynamics. Glassy Water. Science. 2001;December 14;294(5550):2305–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dasgupta P, Ramanathan V: Environment and development. Pursuit of the common good. Science. 2014;September 19;345(6203):1457–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gaydos LJ, Wang W, Strome S: Gene repression. H3K27me and PRC2 transmit a memory of repression across generations and during development. Science. 2014;September 19;345(6203):1515–8.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Perez GI, Trbovich AM, Gosden RG, et al.: Mitochondria and the death of oocytes. Nature. 2000;February 3;403(6769):500–1.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Duhon T: How the Trading Floor Really Works. Chichester, West Sussex, UK, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2012.

An edited book

Fong IW, Alibek K: Bioterrorism and Infectious Agents: A New Dilemma for the 21st Century. New York, NY, Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Pacelli V: The Case Study of Goldman Sachs., Managing Reputation in The Banking Industry: Theory and Practice. Edited by Dell’Atti S, Trotta A. Cham, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp 79–99.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Prehospital Emergency Care.

Blog post

Andrew E: 10 Science Jokes for Nerds.IFLScience. Available at https://www.iflscience.com/physics/10-science-jokes-nerds/. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: U.S.-Korea Fighter Coproduction Program. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Creason PJ: The assessment of student learning outcomes at a California community college: Insight from faculty in a single department.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Feeney K: Scones Upon Scones, Sold at the Shore. New York Times.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Prehospital Emergency Care
Abbreviation	Prehosp. Emerg. Care
ISSN (print)	1090-3127
ISSN (online)	1545-0066
Scope	Emergency Medicine Emergency