How to format your references using the Spine Deformity citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Spine Deformity. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

White MF (2015) Longevity: Mapping the path to a longer life. Nature 524:170–171

A journal article with 2 authors

Xu W, Südhof TC (2013) A neural circuit for memory specificity and generalization. Science 339:1290–1295

A journal article with 3 authors

Lane M, Robker RL, Robertson SA (2014) Parenting from before conception. Science 345:756–760

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Duan LM, Lukin MD, Cirac JI, Zoller P (2001) Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics. Nature 414:413–418

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gordon ME (2009) Trump University Entrepreneurship 101. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Cin MD, Kaâniche M, Pataricza A (2005) Dependable Computing - EDCC 5: 5th European Dependable Computing Conference, Budapest, Hungary, April 20-22, 2005. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Yu M-H, Li J-C (2012) Non-Smooth Multi-Surface Plasticity. In: Li J-C (ed) Computational Plasticity: With Emphasis on the Application of the Unified Strength Theory. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 129–161

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Spine Deformity.

Blog post

Davis J (2017) Astronauts To Grow Space Crystals To Help Medical Drug Development. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1988) Transition Series: Information Technology Issues. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Norman CL (2015) Perceptions of non-traditional programs within Missouri school districts. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G (2009) In Defense of His Old School. New York Times SP10

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Spine Deformity
Abbreviation	Spine Deform.
ISSN (print)	2212-134X
ISSN (online)	2212-1358
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine